This study used computed tomography (CT) to investigate pathological manifestations of frontal sinusitis in three populations from the Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age in the Turpan Basin, Xinjiang. CT analysis of 119 individuals from the Yanghai, Jiayi, and Shengjindian cemeteries revealed a high prevalence of frontal sinusitis, with rates of 60.6% at Yanghai, 58.1% at Jiayi, and 50% at Shengjindian. Statistical analysis showed no significant differences in prevalence by sex, age group, or the three cemetery population. These findings suggest that the ancient Turpan Basin populations were exposed to comparable respiratory health risks. The development of frontal sinusitis was likely influenced by multiple environmental and cultural factors: the Turpan Basin climate, marked by arid climate, frequent dust storms, and high levels of airborne particulates, likely exacerbated the condition. In addition, exposure to animals and plants during hunting, herding, and farming, together with smoke from indoor fires, may have further contributed to the disease. Although no significant sex-based differences were detected, the underlying pathogenic exposures may have varied between males and females. Female individuals, who likely engaged more in domestic tasks, may have experienced greater exposure to indoor smoke and pollutants from cooking and textile production. Male individuals, more frequently involved in herding, hunting, and metalworking, were probably exposed to dry, dusty outdoor conditions and fumes from metallurgical activities. This study demonstrates that CT scanning is an effective, non-invasive method for identifying pathological changes in ancient human remains. The non-invasive nature of CT not only preserves skeletal integrity but also greatly increases accessible sample sizes, offering valuable insights into the respiratory health of Bronze and Iron Age populations of Xinjiang.

First Author: Qingxin Fu

Co-Authors: Quanchao Zhang, Jiaqi Jin, Dargye Lobsang

Keywords:
Turpan Basin
Arid region
Frontal sinusitis
Respiratory health
CT scans