Beginning in the 12th century BCE, the significance of temples and the economic systems that developed around them increased markedly in the Armenian Highlands. The temple, understood as a “sacred space,” was conceived as the foundational structure upon which urban life could emerge.
One of the clearest expressions of this growing importance is the appearance of temple models dating to the 1st millennium BCE. Although their number is relatively limited, notable examples have been uncovered in the northern regions of Armenia - particularly Tavush and Lori - as well as finds from Gavar (Gegharkunik).
The majority of these models are crafted from metal, primarily bronze, with one clay specimen discovered at the Astghi Blur site near Yenokavan (Tavush). Based on their form, the models can be classified into two main categories: enclosed structures and open-air sanctuaries. The latter depict ritual scenes in which human figures are shown engaged in ceremonial acts. Whether made of metal or clay, these models provide valuable insights into the architectural features of temples of the period. In some cases, they even reveal aspects of internal design, which, when compared with archaeological data and known temple complexes, allow for partial reconstruction of the spiritual concepts, rituals, and practices of the era.

First Author: Astgh Poghosyan

Keywords:
Iron Age
Armenia
Rituals
Society
Traditions
Priesthood